Centuries of selective breeding have created hundreds of breeds of dog that differ profoundly in size, shape, and behavior. Understanding this diversity can uniquely inform on evolution. The basis of traits that have been selectively bred by man are likely to be more genetically tractable. This is because breeders can only exert selection on discernible difference. Consequently, selectively bred traits are enriched for genes having large effects.
The diversity in dogs offers another benefit - it can be couched in the context of an extant progenitor, the wolf. Thus, the dog "models" evolutionary processes that have been difficult to understand with classical genetics in model organisms, or through studies of micro-evolution in natural populations.
Selective breeding in the dog has also impacted mood and behavior in truly profound ways. The robustness and apparent precision of functional patterns such as herding and pointing can reflect the mechanisms that hardwire the brain for instinctive responses. Antecedent behaviors in the wolf, from which dog patterns are derived, remain genetically accessible. Thus, the dog "models" behavioral processes that have been intractable to conventional neuroscience.
Lastly, the formal isolation of gene pools in the past 150 years has left in it's wake a legacy of inherited diseases and disorders. Each breed is plagued by mostly recessive illnesses, ranging from Mendelian to multifactorial in nature. There is an identical-by-descent basis of disease within a purebred population, which increases the signal-to-noise for mapping. The genetically isolated structure of breeds further supports powerful model-free association mapping of risk factors. The rigorous diagnostics of the veterinary profession have proven the biochemical and physiological relevance of canine diseases to human counterparts. Thus, the dog "models" complex human diseases.
In summary, the domestic dog provides unique biological opportunities:
These extraordinary research opportunities are explored through a kinder, gentler animal research. Gone are the days of research colonies. Our lab pursues dog genetics the same way human geneticists do - by tapping the genetics of individuals and populations that already exist.
Our approach is based on DNA obtained from simple cheek swab or blood samples, which are voluntarily submitted by private breeders and owners. These genetic samples serve as the foundation for all of our research projects.
Please consider our invitation to enroll your dog in genetics research. Every DNA can inform on the evolution, behavior, and health of dogs.